研究

3D printed nanomaterial could replace kevlar and steel for bulletproof armor

The士兵纳米技术学院(ISN),由MIT,Caltech,苏黎世和美国陆军研究实验室据报道,在纳米级使用3D打印技术来形成一种比凯夫拉或钢铁更有效的材料。

该材料比单个人的头发薄,由小碳撑杆制成,形成相互连接的四甲虫(具有14张面的结构),这些结构是通过两光刻的光刻制成的。

根据该团队的说法,纳米架构的材料可能有可能取代凯夫拉尔(Kevlar),用于武装部队使用的各种防弹防护装备。

加州理工学院材料科学家朱莉娅·格里尔(Julia Greer)表示:“这项工作的知识可以为超轻质冲击力的超轻质冲击物材料提供设计原理,以在高效的装甲材料,防护涂层和防爆炸层中使用,以在防御和空间应用中获得抗爆炸性的盾牌。透明

The ISN has developed a nano-architected material that is reportedly more effective at stopping a projectile than Kevlar or steel. Photo via Caltech.
The ISN has developed a nano-architected material that is reportedly more effective at stopping a projectile than Kevlar or steel. Photo via Caltech.

纳米级的工程材料结构

纳米架构的材料具有在纳米尺度上设计的结构,使科学家能够工程人员几乎可以想象到具有理想特性的任何可想象的3D形状。尽管以前已经在压缩和紧张的情况下研究了纳米架构材料的强度,但ISN团队试图探索这种材料如何在高速影响上生存。

由ISN开发的材料由由通过两光子光刻布置的碳撑杆组成的相互联系的四甲苯二甲苯;格里尔的团队一直exploring the capabilities of two-photon lithographyin printing nanoscale 3D printed objects since 2018.

四甲苯二甲体的结构首先是由开尔文勋爵在19世纪提出的,这是理论上最有效的结构之一,可以用自身的重复填充空间。

A light-sensitive photoresist forms the basis of the nano-architected material, conforming its shape based on light exposure from the lasers during the two-photon lithography process. During this process, a tightly focused laser is traced within the photoresist in three dimensions, solidifying the material until the full structure is printed. The printed structures are then pyrolyzed via burning in a furnace at extremely high temperatures to convert the polymer to pyrolytic carbon.

Two versions of the ultra-thin material were created with different densities and blasted with microparticles of 14-micron diameters at speeds of between 40 and 1,100 meters per second. For reference, the speed of sound is 340 meters per second. The denser version of the material was found to be more resilient to the blasts, with the microparticles embedding themselves in the material rather than tearing through, as would be the case with either fully dense polymers or carbon sheets of the same thickness.

The carbon struts immediately surrounding the microparticle were observed to crumple while the overall structure remained intact. According to the ISN team, pound for pound the nano-architected material outperformed steel by more than 100 percent, and Kevlar composites by more than 70 percent.

“从历史上看,这种几何形状出现在能量降低泡沫中,”麻省理工学院机械工程助理教授兼论文首席作者卡洛斯·波特拉(Carlos Portela)说。“虽然碳通常是脆弱的,但纳米架构材料中的支撑杆的排列和小尺寸会产生橡胶,弯曲的主导的建筑。

“我们显示材料可以吸收大量能量,因为在纳米级的支撑杆的这种休克压实机制,而不是完全密集和整体的东西,而不是纳米构造的东西。”

材料制造和微粒撞击实验的结果。通过自然材料的图像。
材料制造和微粒撞击实验的结果。通过自然材料的图像。

ISN合作伙伴认为,开发的材料有可能代替武装部队中士兵使用的装甲材料,防护涂层和抗爆炸的盾牌的凯夫拉和钢。但是,在现实世界应用中使用该材料之前,仍需要进行进一步的开发。

展望未来,研究人员将寻求寻找扩大材料生产的方法,并探索其他纳米架构的材料如何在高速影响下持续下去。

Further information on the nano-architected material can be found in the paper titled:“Supersonic Impact Resilience of Nanoarchitected Carbon”,发表在《自然材料杂志》上。该研究由C. Portela,B。Edwards,D。Veysset,Y。Sun,K。Nelson,D。Kochmann和J. Greer合着。

Impact processes and resulting damage of blasting the material with microparticles at supersonic speeds. Image via Nature Materials.
Impact processes and resulting damage of blasting the material with microparticles at supersonic speeds. Image via Nature Materials.

Nanoscale 3D printing

得益于Nanoscale 3D打印开设的一系列潜在应用程序,科学家们越来越希望优化技术并开发新的流程,材料和应用。

例如,来自代顿大学已经开发了一种增强的,具有成本效益的技术3D打印纳米级结构, known as Opto-Thermo-Mechanical (OTM) nano-printing. Utilizing low-cost laser beams, the technique is capable of printing at scales a thousand times smaller than a human hair.

在其他地方,科学家来自Fraunhofer IMM正在开发一个新颖的多光子光刻过程to produce nanoscale metal 3D printed structures, and researchers at theNational Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST)一直在研究一种新方法纳米级的3D打印凝胶和软材料。根据NIST的说法,该技术可以允许创建复杂的显微镜结构,例如柔性电极,生物传感器或软微型机器人。

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特色图片显示ISN开发了一种纳米架构的材料,据报道,比凯夫拉或钢铁更有效地停止弹丸。通过加州理工学院的照片。