Engineers in both the US and Russia are seeking out new ways to improve the properties of the concrete walls in 3D printed homes, it has been announced.
在彼得大圣彼得堡理工大学, researchers have paired thermal imaging with modeling to identify the ideal configuration for 3D printing walls, capable of high levels of heat retention. TheUS Department of Energy(DOE), meanwhile, is backing several similar projects with a $39 million grant, one of which is set to see the 3D printing of a carbon-absorbing floor from bio-materials.
美国能源部长詹妮弗·格兰霍尔姆（Jennifer M.“对于研究人员来说，这是一个独特的机会，可以促进清洁能源材料来解决最难脱碳的部门之一，该部门大约是美国年度总排放量的10％。”
投资脱碳
Awarded as part of theHarnessing Emissions into Structures Taking Inputs from the Atmosphereor ‘HESTIA’ program, the DOE’s grants are designed to support the R&D being conducted into technologies capable of overcoming the barriers associated with carbon-storing buildings, especially around costly/scarce building materials.
根据DOE本身，与建筑，翻新和处置相关的大多数温室气体排放“集中在其一生开始时”。因此，识别新颖的，净碳阴性材料和结构设计对于应对世界日益紧急的环境挑战至关重要。
考虑到这一点，母鹿的Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy(ARPA-E) agency has selected 18 projects to receive a share of its latest funding round. Of these initiatives, two have now set out plans to make 3D printing central to their work, with one being conducted at德克萨斯农工大学and the other at theUniversity of Pennsylvania。
在前的情况下,研究人员是辊筒y developing net-carbon-negative building designs, but a ‘hempcrete’ 3D printing material, composed of the hemp plant’s woody core mixed with a lime-based binder. Once ready, it’s believed the team’s approach will enable the faster construction of lower cost buildings, which are more resilient to natural hazards than those built from light wooden framing.
在the University of Pennsylvania, on the other hand, engineers are working on a prefab funicular floor that’s designed to be lightweight, but feature a maximized surface area for carbon absorption. The structure is set to be built using a novel carbon-absorbing concrete, as well as additional bio-based carbon-storing materials, in a method that’s meant to complement timber-based approaches.
Although no date has been set for their conclusion, a full所有18个Hestia项目的细分that have gained ARPA-E funding has been published via the DOE.
节能3D印刷墙？
尽管这些美国托管支持的项目正在进行中，但俄罗斯的研究人员已经在了解几何形状之间的关系和3D印刷墙的热特性方面取得了突破。根据圣彼得堡的团队的说法，3D打印目前正在为建筑师提供“广泛的可能性”，但最终结构的消防安全尚不清楚。
为了确定封闭3D打印结构的能源效率和传热特性，工程师模拟了几何对这些方面的影响。为了实现这一目标，团队开发了一系列原型墙，具有不同形状的三角形和矩形的室内设计，以及不同的材料和石羊毛绝缘材料。
Once ready, these test specimens were then fitted with sensors and subjected to heat and mass transfer simulations. Following subsequent numerical modeling, the researchers found that the rectangular cavities integrated into their 3D printed walls, were much more effective at stabilizing temperature than their small rectangle-shaped counterparts.
Interestingly, the team also discovered that heat flux through the air parts of their walls was significantly lower than in solid areas, thus via configuration changes alone, they were able to increase the heat resistance of resulting structures.
If their walls were to be deployed in practice as part of a fully-realized 3D printed home, the researchers estimate that this could be powered by as little as 3,026kW of electricity, less than the 6,312 kW used by the average Russian. That being said, the team’s prototypes did feature surface irregularities, so they accept that further research is still needed to fully-grasp their thermophysical properties.
Optimizing construction 3D printing
With construction 3D printing projects increasingly garnering global attention, a significant amount of research is now being poured into the resilience of resulting builds. Last year, researchers atUniversity of Sri JayewardenepuraandBritish Northumbria University还调查了3D印刷墙的消防安全，发现壁密度是避免燃烧暴发的关键参数之一。
Engineers at theNanyang Technological University, meanwhile, have developed a3D printing concrete with recycled glass, which features less natural sand than conventional construction materials. With sand becoming increasingly rare due to urbanization and high levels of infrastructure development, it’s thought the feedstock could represent a novel, eco-friendly solution to this problem.
在其他地方，在更商业层面，建筑3D打印机制造商cobod与之合作CEMEXto come up with a new type of具体的“瞬间成形”。共同努力，这些公司已经部署了这种D.FAB混合融合的混合物，以建造安哥拉的第一个3D印刷房屋。
研究人员的发现在其论文中详细介绍了“关于3D打印封闭结构的热性能的实验研究。” The study was co-authored by Darya Nemova, Evgeny Kotov, Darya Andreeva, Svyatoslav Khorobrov, Vyacheslav Olshevskiy, Irina Vasileva ,Daria Zaborova and Tatiana Musorina.
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特色图像显示了一个像ARPA-E徽标一样的标志以及美国国旗。通过ARPA-E的照片。
