工程师在RMIT大学和Hebei University of Technologyhave come up with a novel approach to optimizing the topology of concrete 3D printed builds.
A new take on Bi-directional Evolutionary Structural Optimization or ‘BESO,’ the team’s process is said to enable the creation of unique self-supporting models, which can then be realized via continuous extrusion. With further R&D, the researchers say their method could allow construction 3D printer users to overcome some of the limitations preventing them from maximizing the technology’s benefits.
“The integration between concrete 3D printing (3DCP) and topology optimization enables the fabrication of structurally-efficient components without expensive formwork and intensive labor,” say the team in their paper. “However, the manufacturing constraints of 3DCP are impeding the integration between the two fields. In our paper, we address various manufacturing constraints of 3DCP within the BESO framework.”
开放拓扑优化
Generally, the term ‘topology optimization’ is used to describe a generative design technique in which mathematical formulae are used to distribute material within a given model, in a way that optimizes its geometry. By enabling users to identify areas in which material can be removed without impacting an object’s performance, this process often allows for the iteration of lighter, stronger parts.
在3D打印的世界中，拓扑优化已经使用了一段时间，AutodeskandNtopology提供定制工具，专门用于增强CAD模型。在更实验的层面上，诸如此类的工程师列日大学andtu delft也开发了一个优化较大3D打印的方法，克服此过程中的不兼容问题。
但是，根据RMIT和Hebei研究人员的说法，拓扑优化已被证明很难集成到建筑3D打印中。他们在某种程度上说，这是由于混凝土构建的脆弱性，紧密地伸出了裂缝和收缩，但他们补充说，这也取决于这些打印机中喷嘴运动和材料喂养的分离，这可能会导致阻塞。
Introducing the ‘BESO’ approach
To overcome such overhang and deposition issues, the researchers have come up with a new BESO process. This framework involves using a layer-wise sensitivity scheme to guarantee the vertical alignment of designs in the print direction, in a way that enables the creation of self-supporting parts. Via domain segmentation, the process also unlocks the partitioning of objects into alignable portions.
通过这样做，团队的方法实质上允许为每个细分市场分配一个打印方向，从而促进了更可定制的模块化构造模式。除了将增强的设计过程带入混凝土3D打印外，工程师还开发了连续的挤压约束，旨在识别最短的打印路线，并解锁未遗忘的沉积。
In order to test the efficacy of their approach, the researchers subjected it to a series of numerical studies, using a cantilever (the likes of which are often used to study topology optimization) as a benchmark. Once they’d perfected their algorithm, the team found they were able to deploy it to iteratively generate vertically-aligned object designs, including a topologically-optimized chair.
尽管这种构建展示了工程师在创建高质量结构方面的潜力，但他们说，由于喷嘴尺寸的约束，需要进行后处理的其他设计。因此，团队说，将来，将压力约束整合到其算法中可以使用户获得更准确的模拟，并实现新近优化的几何形状。
推进混凝土3D打印
混凝土3D打印在行业内广泛赞扬，比传统的建筑方法更加环保和便宜。虽然是一个团队Heriot-Watt大学现在有了对混凝土3D打印的怀疑这些提议的好处，在其他地方进行了重大研究，以优化技术的性能。
今年早些时候，南南技术大学工程师开发了一个新的可持续注入玻璃的3D打印材料。该团队使用其新颖的混凝土用玻璃越来越量化的天然沙子，迄今已设法建造了40厘米高的混凝土长凳，证明了它在创建负载结构方面具有潜力。
在其他地方，在新兴商业建筑3D印刷领域中，公司图标到目前为止，几乎没有提及拓扑优化，但仍然设法完成了许多大规模构建。有出售了其第一个基于美国的3D印刷房屋in 2021, the company has now committed to3D打印100座社区从今年开始。
研究人员的发现在其论文中详细介绍了“具有各种制造约束的3D混凝土打印的拓扑优化。”这项研究由Minghao Bi，Phuongtran，Lingwei Xia，Guowei MA和Yi Min Xie合着。
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特色图像在构造逐层建筑物的过程中显示了3D打印喷嘴。通过Cybe Construction的照片。
